For example, sheet patterns internal to a multi-layer PCB are a widely used method for reducing the impedance of the Vcc and ground distributions systems for both digital and analog circuits. Also, with a multi-layer board, EMI from a noisy signal line can be decreased by interleaving the signal trace with the sheet pattern of Vcc and GND layers. (Likewise, a line carrying a noise-sensitive signal can be protected in the same way, as we will show in the part-2 noise course.)