In the early 1990s, it was estimated that there were more than one billion external power supplies active in the United States alone. The efficiency of these power supplies, mainly utilizing linear technology, could be as low as 50% and still draw power when the application was turned off or not even connected to the power supply (referred to as “no-load” condition). Experts calculated that without efforts to increase efficiencies and reduce no-load power consumption, external power supplies would account for around 30% of total energy consumption in less than twenty years. As early as 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency started a voluntary program to promote energy efficiency and reduce pollution, which eventually became the Energy Star program. However, it was not until 2004 that the first mandatory regulation dictating efficiency and no-load power draw minimums was put into place. The graphic on this slide illustrates just how dynamic the regulatory environment has been over the past decade. It traces the path from the CEC’s 2004 regulation through the DoE’s Level VI standards that went into effect in the US in early 2016. It also shows the European Union’s voluntary Code of Conduct standards that are currently under review to become law in the near future.