X and Y capacitors must meet certain safety standards, and as pointed out earlier, are designed to fail in an open state to prevent electrical shock or fire. The shorting failure of an X capacitor failure will not lead to the danger of an electric shock, but will cause excessive current draw, open safety fuses or circuit breakers and in an extreme cases, cause a fire. An open state failure mode prevents this. Y capacitor failure, in a short mode, with its connection from the AC mains to the systems chassis, would result in an electrical shock hazard. However, open state failure as mentioned before prevents this. In addition, Vishay BCC VY-series safety capacitors are certified to the IEC 60384-14.3 standard, which is now harmonized with UL and other European standards.