A thermoelectric module (TEM) is a small, solid state heat pump that has many benefits for use in systems. A single stage module consists of two ceramic plates with p- and n-type semiconductor material between the plates. When a DC current is applied, electrons pass between the two semiconductor material types. This movement of electrons causes the temperature of one side of the TEM to decrease and heat is absorbed. If the direct current is applied in the other direction, the electron movement and heat pumping is also reversed.