The second topic in this product training module is insulation resistance. In this slide, an ideal capacitor is shown with two conductive electrodes separated by a perfectly insulative dielectric material. However, a real capacitor will have Ohmic losses due to imperfections in the dielectric material. This creates a finite resistance in parallel with the capacitor and is known as the insulation resistance. The values of insulation resistance for ceramic capacitors range from the low mega-Ohms to hundreds of tera-Ohms. For almost all applications, higher insulation resistance is always desirable.