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A typical thermoelectric module consists of an array of Bismuth Telluride semiconductor pellets that have been “doped” so that one type of charge carrier– either positive or negative– carries the majority of the current. The pairs of P/N pellets are configured so that they are connected electrically in series, but thermally in parallel. Metalized ceramic substrates provide the platform for the pellets and the small conductive tabs that connect them. When DC voltage is applied to the module, the positive and negative charge carriers in the pellet array absorb heat energy from one substrate surface and release it to the substrate at the opposite side. The surface where heat energy is absorbed becomes cold; the opposite surface where heat energy is released, becomes hot. Reversing the polarity will result in reversed hot and cold sides.
