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The ideal capacitor would possess only the properties of capacitance, but in reality it also contains resistor and inductor components due to the electrodes. The resistor component, not shown in the ideal capacitor, is called the “ESR (equivalent series resistance)” and the inductor component is called the “ESL (equivalent series inductance)”. DC (Direct Current) is when current flows in one direction, but in DC power supplies in addition to DC current there are various superimposed alternating current components which adds ripple to the current. For example, the direct current resulting from the rectification (full-wave rectification) of commercial alternating current contains pulsating ripple currents at twice the cycle of the commercial alternating current. In addition, the pulsating current of the switching cycle in a switching DC-DC converter is superimposed on the direct current voltage. This is called the "ripple current".
