In summary, Electric Vehicles (EVs) have an overall powertrain efficiency of 80%, compared to 17% for a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. By far, the largest amount of energy in EVs is consumed by the powertrain (77%-82%), followed by the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, followed by other car accessories such as mirrors, infotainment, and lights. The challenge is in getting the most out of the limited power offered by on-board batteries. For EVs, around 16% inefficiency alone stems from charging and discharging the batteries. Charging and discharging the batteries becomes a thermal management problem. Efficiency is lost through resistance and friction, both of which produce heat. Components can create significant heat, affecting system performance if it is not managed. New materials and technologies enable greater power efficiency, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower cost solutions.