For many applications, DSM modules are an easy and safe alternative to lithium batteries. DSM series modules offer the simplicity of conventional rechargeable battery packs with many application-specific benefits. The modules have the excellent storage capability of individual supercapacitors, plus operating voltages that go well beyond conventional battery packs. Instant charging and on-demand discharge saves time and increases functionality. They are not subject to potential thermal runaway or fires common to lithium-ion batteries, and there are no shipping restrictions. Life cycle performance significantly exceeds that of any battery life cycle, and supercapacitors used in-parallel with a battery will extend the life of the battery.