In order to understand how COG LCDs work, it is important to know how they are made. To start, COG LCDs are composed of two pieces of polarized glass. On the non-polarized side of the glass, a special polymer is added to create grooves that run in the same direction as the polarizing film. Once this is done, a liquid crystal material is added to the grooved side of one of the polarized glasses. These grooves align the liquid crystal with the glass. The second piece of glass is placed on top with the grooved side in, aligned perpendicular to the first piece of glass creating a row and column arrangement. The IC is then bonded directly to the glass substrate by interconnections between pads on the IC and corresponding electrodes on the panel. Conductive particles are placed between the pads and the electrodes.