There are a few options to overcome these real-world application challenges: Use an extended range model such as a double (2x) or triple (3x) sensing range version. Most applications require some amount of sensing range reduction due to target size, material, and environment. A conservative determination of the required sensing range would be to double the actual sensing distance. For example, if the target will be 4 mm from the sensor face, select a sensor with an 8 mm sensing range. Of course, the surrounding environment must be considered, as well. If possible, use a non-flush/non-shielded sensor, which provides longer sensing ranges than flush/shielded sensors. Many sensor manufacturers offer an advanced inductive technology (also more expensive) that can detect ferrous and non-ferrous targets at the same distance—i.e., Factor 1, universal sensing. Inductive sensors offer faster switching speeds compared to capacitive proximity sensors and can be just as fast as some photoelectric sensors. Generally, the larger the sensor size the slower the sensor speed/switching frequency. Additionally, the switching frequency for AC SCR outputs (25 Hz or 25 times per second) are significantly slower than DC solid state outputs (up to 6 kHz or 6,000 times per second). For a high-level overview of typical sensing ranges and switching frequency per housing size, refer to the Common Inductive Sensor Performance chart shown here. There are many specialized inductive sensors to consider, but the chart provides an initial guideline for selection.