Industrial-grade DRAM modules incorporate certain value-adding features, such as wide temperature operation ranges, 30 micro-gold plating, conformal coating, anti-sulfuration, and underfill technology. To further ensure their reliability, industrial-grade DRAM modules are subjected to extensive testing. Common tests include high/low temperature tests, temperature cycling tests, power cycling tests, shock/vibration tests, and ongoing reliability tests. Commercial-grade DRAM modules sometimes swap out certain ICs in the manufacturing process, which could cause serious quality, stability, and compatibility problems down the line. Conversely, industrial-grade DRAM manufacturers usually offer long-term supply services and fixed BOM solutions. Their DRAM modules undergo a long period of testing and verification before being adopted in industrial devices, so this reduces the risk of revalidation and additional manpower costs.