Automotive, industrial, and aviation electronics need to survive as well as operate through power supply surges endemic to their environments. Traditional overvoltage and overcurrent protection relies on a combination of discrete components such as transient voltage suppressors or TVS, fuses, capacitors, inductors, and diodes. As shown in the top circuit on this slide, the TVS is connected between the power supply rail and ground. It clamps the incoming voltage surge to limit the line voltage to a safe value. The series fuse opens the circuit to protect the TVS for a long-lasting surge. It also protects the power supply from a short-circuit or overload at the output. Capacitors and inductors filter out low-energy, short-duration spikes. A battery operated system needs to be protected from negative input voltage due to a battery mistakenly inserted with reversed polarity. A series diode, shown in the second circuit at the bottom, is added to protect the load from the negative voltage.