Here are a few additional terms that will be discussed. Current or voltage source is an IC that generates a precise current or voltage supply. Current-Output Digital-to-Analog Converter (IDAC) is an IC that generates a precise current source for Sensors from a digital input. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an IC that converts Analog signals such as Temperature Sensor outputs to digital for microcontrollers. Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is a digital circuit that creates square waves with controlled, variable pulse widths. PWMs are used by the fan controller to drive fans at RPM targets. Tachometers (TACH) measures actual fan rpm with Hall-effect sensors and is used by the fan controller to control rpm and detect failures. The Host Processor as shown here in the diagram is the main system processor that controls and communicates with thermal management systems. The Host Processor communicates via I2C which is an Industry-standard communication bus used in thermal management systems.